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Shifting Ways of Science

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Interstellar. Credit: Paramount Pictures/ Warner Bros

If one falls into a black hole, what would one encounter? Well, from our recollection of the movie Interstellar—Cooper (Matthew McConaughey) ended up in a tesseract, a 4-dimensional object, via which he made it back to his own 3-D world—we would hope to plod out through a higher dimension, as if making a choice back into a familiar world. But there’s a catch—a lot of!

Tesseract is a 4-dimensional object (mathematical, so far! Helping us understand deep details in modern physics). The higher-dimension—via which Cooper connected to another Cooper (Murph, his daughter)—implies stacking of a zillion spacetime points on top of each other. Remember the bookshelf behind which Cooper stood? But accessing higher dimension also means that you be part of the higher-dimension; you be manifest as higher dimension.

Tesseract

The first catch. There would be as many Coopers, both Coopers (father and daughter), as many as the innumerable book-shelfs, the books in them, and the watch that is relaying the message to the daughter. Anything as a 3-dimensional embodiment would be presented as all spacetime points up until the current one. All past spacetime points stacked up until then; that’s how Cooper accessed the past. In that higher-dimension he had all information timeline, that’s every “time” point—more accurately as Einstein had shown “spacetime”  point—arranged discretely, from his past to his current. That many “Coopers,” though accurately put, would have given a flustered set-up, demanding more questions, as well as the associated theoretical premise. All valid, that’s how science progresses. More answers we find, more questions become apparent. The movie, although fictional, relays various significant current theoretical understanding of how spacetime manifests and flows, and all the information inherently brings up new uncharted territory of questions.

All valid, that’s how science progresses. More answers we find, more questions become apparent.

We have come unimaginably far in scientific understanding of how the universe works, and operates. But never in the past had we as many conundrums rearing their heads as we have today. From black holes, dilemmas of event horizon, dark matter, dark energy to perpetually expanding universe, its origins and parallel forms, to the spacetime unifying principles, the picture that unifies gravity and quantum depiction, and what current theoretical understanding relay, especially the mathematical ones, like string theory and loop quantum gravity. All our findings to date must fall into a single unitary phenomenon. Our quest is how? Answers to our inquiries come with a package of additional set of questions, and off we march in all directions. Healthy feat!

We have come unimaginably far in scientific understanding of how the universe works, and operates. But never in the past we had as many conundrums rearing their heads as we have today.

Following a short stint at the Antibody Society, to scientific outreach their mission and goals, I landed myself in a specialized somewhat recently founded company Quantum-Si (Q-Si). My current interest in scientific communication and outreach is part of the reason how I got here. As Q-Si prepares to launch its first-of-a-kind protein sequencing instrument, a brief overview here would help us see how we navigate the current scientific quests and find answers to inquiries that would aid research and development. Q-Si technology stems from a multifaceted scientific endeavor that involves strategic developments of pixelated semi-conductor chip, which allows the parallel processing (thus the given name “Quantum;” although not a 100 % sure that’s where the name is coming from) of miniaturized wells to read individual peptides at an amino acid level resolution. Amino acid is a molecular building block of protein, and there are 20 different kinds of them. The technology combines customizations of chip, electrical circuitry, waveguide—as in fiber optics—laser pulsation, and fluorescent signals to read biophysical interaction. Multifaceted, because the single experiment subsumes fine fields of physics, engineering, biophysics, and if you want to see too far, mathematics, to follow a biological undertaking, or knowing something that could be of clinical relevance.

Multifaceted, because the single experiment subsumes fine fields of physics, engineering, biophysics, and if you want to see too far, mathematics, to follow a biological undertaking

Only a few decades earlier it wouldn’t have been possible to carry out something as complex that agglomerates and fine tunes discrete branches in science. But in the scientific landscape we have advanced to a level where the boundaries between specialized scientific fields are hazy. Soon after joining Q-Si, I have begun to realize how important it’s to have current awareness of all basic fields in order to not just carry out a given task, but also to appreciate the beauty that can be realized only when we see the integrated picture; not just a single aspect of it. To that end, I had reached out to a Physics magazine on my desire to shape a short note titled Teach Physics to Life Science Students. Will keep you posted on how that goes. But the point is in the current science landscape it’s imperative that we have a handle of basic understanding of all core areas in order to reach further, or even to appreciate the developments.

Colliding Black Holes, 1.3 Billion Light Years Away

The detection of gravitational waves, the existence of which Einstein had predicted in 1916, in 2015 was the landmark of ultra-precision measurement in scientific experimentation. The measurement entailed detecting a sub-atomic level length change that occurred due to the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years away, meaning time it took for light to reach us to tell that happenstance. An arduous scientific feat was achieved. Incredible!            

The measurement entailed detecting a sub-atomic level length change that occurred due to the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years away

Every scientific branch geometrically expands, collide and bump into each other, and eventually, if we continue to progress, inevitably unite into a solitary landscape or phenomenon.

See you soon again,

Neeti.

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Math Shaped

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To prepare a talk for the upcoming MathFest, to be held in Chicago this year, I was ruminating over articulating a clean-cut yet telling narrative. Since the talk subject is on ways to effectively outreach mathematics to general audience, it should at least somewhat bring up core concepts of mathematics. Somehow allude to the essentiality of its graphical and revelatory power, compared to just an instrument to calculate. Meaning mixing in subtler forms of advanced math, even abstract ones. I am sensitive to oversimplifying anything (my take on popular writing). It’s like providing a forced picture—like peas and potato analogy of quantum and cosmic realms in The Theory of Everything—that is far from an actual picture, and importantly dampened down on beauty, and inspiration. The point of outreach is to convey the subject—its significance and elegance that lay in the eyes of those who swim in it—not recite a lullaby.  And in my experience audience from all backgrounds, even without math ones, show true enthusiasm only when prompted into intricate and advanced forms of mathematics, yearning for the real sense. It’s there where the real message is, of what mathematics actually is about.

In my experience outreaching an advanced scientific field effectively rests on two basic elements. First, tell it the way it is, don’t soften it. That’s the hard part because all those elaborate labyrinthine equations with functionalities, symbols, and notations floating all over them is the very thing that makes some of us flee. And thus the second, present them correlatively as physical entity: Numbers to space, Algebra to geometry, Calculus to continual smooth change, Group and matrices to potentiality of abstract objects, the list is endless, and that physics itself at the core is mathematics. All those preposterous looking equations are actually quite beautiful and insinuating if you understand that those terms are the pieces of the landscape. The tangled appearance of an equation, like Dirac’s, would dwindle away once one sees what a colossal argument the equation is making.

Dirac_eq

Persuasion in an outreach effort usually employs an object central to disseminating pronouncements of the subject. I have been thinking of having an actual physical object, and the top two in the list were tesseract and Calabi-Yau manifold. Tesseract represents four dimensional cube—Mathew McConaughey materializing in tesseract after he plunges into the black hole in the movie Interstellar, making tesseract currently an object of popular demand. Calabi-Yau manifold is a mathematical thing of a projective plane, surmising six dimensions. Both, thus, though may connect to reality in theoretical outlooks, cannot crystallize in our 3-D view. They are abstractions of mathematics, and stand to be significant (very) fully in their own right.

Having a real physical model in the talk, I thought, would be pedagogical, and a neat way to draw in enthusiasm. On simply googling tesseract I bumped into a 3-D printing enterprise shapeways, offering a model of tesseract (a beautiful one). (I didn’t look for Calabi-Yau model. Didn’t think it was possible to have a model of such an intricate complexity.) To my amazement, here they offered a Calabi-Yau 3-D printout as well, in different colors, snapshots, and sizes.

In conveying the actuality of mathematics with its ultra sophisticated developments, Calabi-Yau manifold can be an epitome that embodies conceptions of advanced algebra, cutting-edge geometry, mathematical abstractions, and advancements of modern physics all in one exhibit. And it is aesthetically pleasing as well. I got it from them.

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Here is the snapshot of the 3-D printout (Itself a 3-D snapshot of 6-D object). It was also nice to exchange a few productive words with Rick Russell—at the Shapeways, who generated this 3-D printout with an expert eye for math and its models—on this very enchanting object. Hope the audience will like the object as much as I do.

CY_Rot

The model emerges from the graphic that was originally rendered by A. Hanson, Indiana University, and it has done a phenomenal job in making its appearance from the nooks of abstract algebra articles, to academic and popular literature, to the explanations of modern physics. Somewhat surprised that it hasn’t shown up in the mainstream media, at least not yet.

Be back shortly,

Neeti.

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The Upcoming 2017 Solar Eclipse, Sweeping America on its Totality

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The simple mechanics of total solar eclipse exposes deep-seated fundamentals of spacetime. Total solar eclipse occurs in an event of earth, moon, and sun alignment such that moon fully blocks out the sun, casting its shadow on earth on the zone of totality. What remains on sky is sun’s corona shimmering behind the bulbous moon: Includes a rendering imaginatively known as diamond ring. On August 21, 2017 we will transit such a mesmerizing and momentous (literally!) event, and the eclipse experts, chasers and broadcasters have their bits and takes on this. Here are some genuine picks  (1, 2) for those interested in details, and here is an interactive map of the upcoming totality. This year the ASP (Astronomical Society of the Pacific) is holding its annual meeting just for the purpose of convening the ideas and topics around the wonder of total solar eclipse, particularly toward preparing the upcoming 2017 one. Those interested in cosmic magnificence, and like to partake in grasping the nature of reality, would truly benefit from the event.

As profound as the cosmic phenomenon itself is, total solar eclipse has been pivotal in our understanding of the way universe shapes and continues, and a linchpin in rubber stamping a revolutionary theory to be a truly authentic reality. On the May 29 of 1919, an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, Arthur Eddington, captured total solar eclipse on the island of Principe to validate Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. General relativity offered to blend gravity in the earlier picture of Einstein’s own special relativity, showing that gravity is the geometry of spacetime itself. The endeavor set out by Eddington and his team pinned the precise bending of light that occurs due to the presence of a massive body, in accordance with the principle of general relativity, thus fully endorsing Einstein’s Magnum Opus. Sun as a massive body too bends light that travel from distant stars, but we cannot verify such bending simply because sun’s intense glare blocks out the positions of distant stars. The shade of a total solar eclipse enables us to measure such deflections in the position of stars, as the sun observes its gravity.

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The ramifications of general relativity are wide and far reaching, many we are still trying to fathom: From the origin of the universe to the existence of black holes (remember the fascinating Interstellar Gargantua), the phenomenon of wormhole, the prodigiously expanding universe to speculations of dark matter and dark energy to the recent detection of gravitational waves that employed state of the art technological sensitivity (10-16 cm in 4 km). General relativity has stood a century of experimental verifications, one recent with the validation of gravitational waves by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory), and some tests are still brewing that involve extraordinary precisions to further endorse general relativity, like appraising the contortions due to the black hole at the center of our galaxy or seeing the free fall of different materials in space missions.

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The theory has shown the way universe propels, but also made our lives efficient on a daily basis. General relativity is a part of GPS navigation that we employ every day. Two well crafted titles that shed light on this deeply enriching theory are 1) The Perfect Theory by Pedro Ferreira, and 2) Big Bang by Simon Singh.

The first real validation of general relativity was ticked by the 1919 total solar eclipse. I will be attending the ASP meeting, and in the context of total solar eclipse, I will be speaking on the fundamental architecture of spacetime that the general relativity imparted.

For those interested in cosmic mechanics, deeper universal structure, or just scientific outreach to a wider community, it will be a good venue to participate and connect.

See you soon,

Neeti.

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The Title and its Storyline

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Continued from the preceding post…

Foremost, we can’t keep from commemorating the 2016 Abel prize awarded to Andrew Wiles of Oxford University, for proving that the Fermat’s Last Theorem is indeed true (in the year 1995). Congratulations to Andrew Wiles, and Pierre de Fermat! Fermat did claim (in the 17th century) to have surmounted proving his own elegant equation by noting “I have discovered a truly marvelous proof of this, which this margin is too narrow to contain.” The methodology Andrew Wiles employed is too advanced for the time of Fermat. Inspired at the age of ten, Andrew Wiles decoded the mystery of Fermat’s Last Theorem in the year 1995, a truly uphill task that was interspersed with a humiliating pitfall that ultimately lead to the glory and catharsis, as his humbled tears rolled out upon meeting the wish.

Whether or not did he have the proof (we will never know), Fermat would have cheered the breakthrough, and recognition.

Here is my take on it:

Well, I am more excited than many, first because of the Oxford University backdrop in the recognition, but mostly because it involves the elegance and depth of Fermat’s Last theorem, and seeing it to be accurate.

I delight in the simplicity of its statement (the equation), yet the far reaching and deep insights it casts. I include the insightful cadence of this equation in my book.

The excerpt from the book, following which is the award link:

Excerpt, Pg. 56: Physical Laws of the Mathematical Universe: Who Are We? (about the book: www.magnifieduniverse.com/aboutbook)

“Fermat’s Last Theorem: An Enigma, or Not

For its blunt accuracy and transparency, even though we didn’t have a valid proof at the time it was stated, Fermat’s last theorem became a cliché mathematical citation, appearing regularly in didactic and popular genres alike.5,6 The statement is elegantly simple, but the meaning conveyed is both sharp and profound. Drafted by a French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat, in the year 1637, it states,

FigVI

              where n is the exponent of 3and up. The phrasing tells us that the sum of two exponentiations cannot give rise to an exponentiated entirety for the powers of three and up. For example, 32 plus 42 structures into 52, but 33 plus 43, in accordance with Fermat’s theorem, does not evolve into an entirety of x3—3-D-fold. Fermat’s equation applies for any numerical grade—in fact, tellingly, for any digital combination—as long as the power is 3 or higher.”

The award; The recognition

Cheers everyone!
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Back to the storyline, and the central points of discussions:

Universe Needing to Inflate

The abrupt inflation of universe in our cosmic history, its interrelatedness with the detection of gravitational waves, and seeing the necessity and order of the event of inflation itself

            “As enigmatic as it may sound, the scenario of expeditious growth does have healthy outlooks to support of the way we envisage the universe based on scientific judgments.”

In the Name of Science

The question of how do we amass interest and enthusiasm in science, its concepts and methodology. Then move further to have us all interested in seeking the true order of reality.

Interstellar

Do not miss out, if you like edutainment, especially with small dosages of science. You might pick up serious bits without having to try!

Grothendieck’s Deep Visions

The gravity of mathematics, and its followers: Alexander Grothendieck as an ardent devotee of anything deep and mysterious in mathematics

Continued in the next…

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Just some catching up today

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Many of us who relished Interstellar also eagerly took to browsing The Science of Interstellar, a pictorially exquisite book title extended by Kip Thorne, the same scientist who oversaw the science behind the alluring storyline of Interstellar. And there are considerable bits in the book to savor on, as to why certain elements played the way they did, like the crux of gravitational anomaly in the landscape of movie, the brilliant depiction of black hole, the alleged ghost of Cooper that his daughter saw when young, Cooper’s slingshot, the notion of they that appeared in the narration of wormhole and the past-present union of tesseract, the thing depicting higher dimensional field, i.e. the materialization of tesseract—the essential scientific chunks that the movie couldn’t have covered, many wondered nonetheless. In fact I too did, with the stance of they, which turns out to be the analogy of bulk field appearing in the modern theoretical descriptions that strive to unify gravity by the way of quantum mechanics (which has been a fairly uphill task)—the gravitational force seeping the bulk, and thus the bulk (they) playing role in the anomalies we encounter at the 3-dimensional level (in the movie). I will leave it at this here. Do read it if enthused.

Fortuitously, I see just the article we need to brush up on the union of quantum mechanics and gravity: A Brush with Gravity (!). You will also see that mesmerizing display of the Interstellar black hole.

To acquaint you further with the title Physical Laws of the Mathematical Universe: Who Are We? I am leaving with you its TOC:

CoverL

Contents

  • Introduction

  • Marginalia

  • Reflections of the Universe

  • Mathematical Reality of the Universe under the Canopy of Physical Principles

  • The Voice of Transcendental Numbers

  • The Esoteric Pi(π): The Appearance of Curve

  • Boundaries of the Unfettered Universe

  • Witnessing the Boundaryless Structure of the Space-Time Landscape

  • Are We Dreaming or Awake?

  • The Arrival of Higher Dimension

  • The Culmination of Multitudinous Universes by the Sovereignty of Duality

  • The Fractional Universe: The Blanket of the Subconscious

  • Perpetually Expediting Cosmos

  • Peppered Space-Time: The Dabs of Units

  • The Conception of God by the Twist of the Human

  • Brief Notes

  •                       Discontinuous Continua

  •                                     a.        Aesthetics or Mathematics

  •                                     b.        Chaos is a Misnomer

  •                                     c.        Science and the Rest

  •                                     d.        They are Not Two Things

  •                                     e.        Entity: Discrete or Abstract?

  •                                     f.         In Words

  • Acknowledgments

  • Glossary

  • Bibliography

  • Index

  • Credits

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Piling On

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Graphic

From the revelations of particle smashers of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), the discoveries of radio detectors of ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), the disclosers of outer spatial and extragalactic missions of COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), Hubble, Fermi Gamma-ray, Chandra X-ray, Spitzer, Kepler, the forthcoming James Webb telescopes (list is almost endless), the evidence of gravitational waves by Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization (BICEP), the detections of dark matter and energy to the readings of underground neutrino missions (one upcoming- Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment) toward understanding the evolution of the universe, the amount of information waves at us in all sorts of gestures for us to pin down the meaning of it all—in one sweep.

The bona fide bits are flying in from other places equally effectively.

And I am not referring to, or including, the classical principles—such as Einstein’s relativities, Newtonian’s mechanics or pure thermodynamics—that are tested stringently and utilized intensively. Or alluding to the established systems such as calculus or polynomials that help us shape and employ those doctrines. I am referring to all these new inputs that although seem foundational, are turning out to be rather bewildering in our trek to fathom the nature of reality.

The universe prodigiously expands; the dark matter lurks; the dark energy overpowers gravity; the cosmic matter outplays antimatter; the black hole engulfs and dissipates; parallelism pounds; the particle world compounds; the mathematical models of reality amass evermore intricate complexities; the interplay of consciousness in the game of matter and forces takes a scientific stage. These are all real deals piled on us waiting to be pieced into a seeable picture.

We would pause, take a break, by cramming a book in a very different subject, or even more leisurely, indulging in a movie. Indeed, we have different tastes and choices. But for those of us inspired by the workings of reality, often these tangential sprints put us right back into the same captivating territory laden with puzzles and strewn with myriad codes. In recent times, the art of science fiction has grown rapidly: Interstellar, Inception, Knowing, and Contact are some flicks that caught attention. Many literary works on science fiction did equally effectively: I happen not to browse science fiction books too many, but the regular page-long coverage in Nature appears stimulating.

The reason we enjoy such fictions is because all of this at the end of the day makes us ask the very same questions the scientist in each of us does. In fact fiction flicks such as Interstellar and Contact incite in us those deeper questions we otherwise miss out.

Then there are other science topics not directly addressing the nature of physical universe: Medicine, psychiatry, neurosurgery, psychology, even biographical (mostly scientific, but some psychology and philosophy). They bring forth new perspectives. Some of them as a pure info are utterly ravishing—like Many Lives, Many Master by Brian Weiss, Being Mortal by Atul Gawande, Brain Surgeon by Keith Black, When the Air Hits Your Brain by Frank Vertosick, The Blind Spot: Science and the Crisis of Uncertainty by William Byers, announcing their own bits. They are excellent reads if for pure knowledge and quality time, but segregated sets of pileups if employing them to conceive a theory of everything.
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That reminds me of yet another movie Theory of Everything: smooth and entertaining, immediately after watching which, I grabbed the copy of Black Holes and Baby Universes by Stephen Hawking from the bookshelf and studied through. I had read this many years ago, but this time browsed with a fresh perspective. The messages are sharp and the assays delightful.

But in this context the theory of everything appears niche based, not all-inclusive. Piling continues nonetheless.

The segregation of scientific—or philosophical, for that matter—queries and exhaustive understanding is apparent wherever we go. The discrete details remain crisp and sharp, but when implied holistically the notion becomes vague, in science or otherwise.

The seemingly delusionary tussle between science and philosophy dissolves at the frontiers of a full-length scheme. Anyway, this is an entirely different story.

And in the heap of data that gapes at us, we have the pitches on consciousness, mind, philosophy of religion, whatnot. So keep track of all the pileups, at least till we get there.

See you soon.
Neeti.

 

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Interstellar

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I had written this a short while ago. Thought it would be a good time to post it, for we all have a little more holiday-time flexibility to see a movie. So here it is.

Interstellar

Yes, the movie. After months of buzz blazed with mesmerizingly dazzling banners the much fancied, and anticipated by the physics and mathematics community and its writers, the blockbuster of Interstellar hit the theaters last Friday. I happened to be one of the patrons longingly waiting to sense through the full play at the first opportunity—for two prime reasons, and quite a few ancillary ones.

One, the intelligence of the subject—although the movie itself is a science-fiction, it unfolds by the descriptions and concepts of mathematical-physics that we currently employ to understand the continuum of space-time. I am not an admirer of all science fictions, but I would vote for this one without reservation. I can point to some of the bad examples of science fiction movies, but I do not want to upset directors and their followers! Anyhow, the second reason—actually is tied to the first one—being that the storyline fabric is composed with the consultancy of Kip Thorne, a notable theoretical physicists from California Institute of Technology, who has made wide inputs in both relativity and gravitational aspects of the grand universal design, accounting both the cosmic and quantum views.

Thus the architecture and workings of time dilation, black hole, singularity, higher dimension and parallel existences, and the theoretical wormhole—all playing out stunningly and enticingly on the IMAX silver screen—that stem from the unified understanding, are all incorporated into the flick with caution in what is palpably projectable.

Inter

The ravishing appeal of a “wormhole” tucked around the Saturn rings can’t be overstated. So is the singularity of a black hole, and, on a technical side, the coordinative view of the spinning spacecraft (in the poster above). But all this scientific bits isn’t what makes the play wholesome. It is the fusion of human elements by the scaffolding of scientific knowledge that brings out an edifying texture. That the subliminal bearings aren’t independent of space-time; that intellective and emotional renderings may play decisively; that personal footings and worldly pursuits aren’t mutually exclusive… I shouldn’t keep on or else it will become a truly fictitious reverie. The point is that the scrupulous account of modern views slotted subjective traces too into the same knit.

Although in a movie with such an expanded perspective everyone is bound to have their own censors. One apparent one for me was the time and again reference of “they,” for an idea of a fifth-dimensional programming to be reflected in the three-dimensional plane. Though the notion fitted nicely into the script plot, it wavered loose ends either on scientific grounds or otherwise. Another was the fuzzy description of wormhole, and its contrived mechanism, especially because the wormhole played a sincere role in the flow of the story.

At a general level though there seemingly lurks a slight barrier if we are to follow the narrative fully and precisely. The movie is more appropriately cut out for those who are already familiar with the avant-garde developments of mathematical physics, their strengths and loopholes, and a little background of it all. The movie has a great deal of information seeped all over, and those without background may risk them for a pure fantasy. There are contextual meanings echoing throughout the plot. The flick is a popular account of our three dimensional world that tries to bespeak the higher verbalization of the quantum multiverse. So the lack of a prior knowledge of the basics may lead to a delusional land.

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Like around the end of the movie, an idea of “tesseract” abruptly crop up out of nowhere. Tesseract is a mathematical object, presenting a four dimensional version of a three dimensional cube. The object has played an indispensible role in our understanding of the higher dimensional plane, and the relativity that seeps through it all. But because of the lack of even a little referencing dialogue the value and beauty of the tesseract in that context can be missed by those who haven’t heard of tesseract, or its role in mathematical physics, beforehand.

A single mention of tesseract was enough though to enthrall math devotees.

I shouldn’t give out too many details in consideration of those who so far only meditated, and haven’t seen it yet.

Take a look. It is worth a three hours, and most of us won’t be disappointed. And let me know what fascinated you the most.

See you soon.

Have fun holidays.

Neeti.

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